Japan’s Maritime Self-Defense Force (MSDF) is moving forward with upgrades to its Izumo and Kaga destroyers, transforming them into de facto aircraft carriers capable of operating the F-35B stealth fighter. These advanced jets, which feature short takeoff and vertical landing (STOVL) capabilities, will significantly enhance Japan’s naval air power.
Successful F-35B Trials on Kaga
Performance tests conducted last October and November off the coast of San Diego, in collaboration with the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps, confirmed that the upgraded Kaga can accommodate the F-35B without issue. The trials included over 100 short takeoffs and vertical landings, as well as operations in challenging conditions such as nighttime takeoffs and rapid successive departures. Additional tests evaluated the ship’s existing equipment, including aircraft elevators, refueling systems, and arresting hooks, all of which functioned as required.
Following these successful trials, the Izumo is set to undergo its second phase of upgrades this year, which will include reshaping its bow for improved aircraft operations. Meanwhile, further modifications to the Kaga are scheduled to begin next year, with completion expected between 2027 and 2028.
F-35B Deployment Faces Delays
While the MSDF’s upgrades are progressing on schedule, the Air Self-Defense Force (ASDF) faces delays in its F-35B deployment plans. Under the fiscal 2020-2024 budget, the ASDF secured funding for 27 F-35B fighters, with plans to expand to over 40 aircraft for two squadrons. However, initial deliveries, originally set for 2024, have been postponed to at least fiscal 2025 due to manufacturer-related issues.
Despite these delays, the ASDF is pushing forward with preparations. Gen. Hiroaki Uchikura, chief of staff of the ASDF, stated that an “extraordinary F-35B squadron” will still be established at Nyutabaru Air Base in Miyazaki Prefecture by the end of fiscal 2024, even in the absence of aircraft.
Challenges in Training and Infrastructure
A key hurdle for Japan’s F-35B deployment is the lack of experience with aircraft carrier-based vertical takeoff and landing operations. Unlike Britain, which had prior experience with similar aircraft, the ASDF is starting from scratch. The British military took over three years to achieve initial operational capability for its F-35Bs on HMS Queen Elizabeth, highlighting the complexity of the process.
Additionally, the development of training sites is behind schedule. The ASDF’s Mageshima Island base in Kagoshima Prefecture, intended for F-35B pilot training, is now set for completion in March 2030—three years later than planned. Since takeoffs and landings on a moving carrier are particularly challenging, comprehensive ground training is essential before pilots can operate at sea.
To expedite readiness, the ASDF plans to leverage expertise from the U.S. military and transition experienced F-35A pilots to the new platform. However, given the numerous logistical and operational challenges, Japan’s first aircraft carrier-based fighter squadron is still expected to take considerable time to become fully operational.
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